STATE RESPONSIBILITY AND LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE ISSUANCE OF ELECTRONIC LAND CERTIFICATES: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES AND THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY

Abstract

The digital transformation of land administration through the issuance of Electronic Land Certificates is part of the modernization of public services aimed at increasing efficiency, transparency, and legal certainty. However, the implementation of electronic systems also raises various legal issues, particularly regarding state responsibility and accountability mechanisms in the event of administrative errors, system failures, or data leaks. This study aims to analyze the concept of state responsibility, forms of legal accountability, and the application of the principle of legality in the issuance of electronic land certificates. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach. The research findings indicate that although electronic land certificates have a valid legal basis and the same evidentiary force as conventional certificates, weaknesses remain in the accountability mechanisms, division of responsibilities, and redress of rights for injured parties. Substantive legal certainty depends heavily on system reliability, data security, and the professionalism of administrators. This research concludes that technology integration in land administration must be accompanied by strengthened regulations, transparency, and clear accountability mechanisms to ensure legal protection and the principle of legality.