ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, SDGs, AND MONGOLIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v23.6443Palavras-chave:
Constitutional Environmental Rights, Environmental Law, Mongolia, Mining Governance, Sustainable Development GoalsResumo
Resumo A Mongólia apresenta um caso de estudo relevante para o exame da relação entre o direito ambiental nacional e a implementação dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) das Nações Unidas. Apesar de possuir um direito constitucionalmente garantido a um ambiente saudável e seguro nos termos do Artigo 16(2) da sua Constituição de 1992, bem como um quadro legislativo progressivamente desenvolvido — incluindo a Lei de Proteção Ambiental (1995), a Política de Desenvolvimento Verde (2014) e a Visão 2050 —, a Mongólia enfrenta lacunas estruturais persistentes entre os compromissos ambientais normativos e a sua efetiva concretização. Este artigo examina em que medida o quadro jurídico ambiental da Mongólia é capaz de promover o ODS 13, o ODS 15 e o ODS 16, empregando análise jurídica doutrinária comparada de instrumentos internacionais, legislação nacional e relatórios de organizações internacionais. Os resultados revelam três deficiências críticas: a fragmentação da fiscalização após a extinção da agência nacional de inspeção em 2023; a incoerência sistêmica de políticas entre o desenvolvimento baseado na mineração e as obrigações de proteção ambiental; e a insuficiente capacidade institucional para o monitoramento dos ODS. O artigo propõe um quadro normativo de reforma destinado a alinhar a governança ambiental da Mongólia com os seus compromissos internacionais.
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