BIORREATORES DE MEMBRANA PARA PROTEÇÃO DA ÁGUA NA PROVÍNCIA DE KASHKADARYA, NO UZBEQUISTÃO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v23.n2.4139Palavras-chave:
Arid Regions, Ecosystem Protection, Membrane Bioreactor, Sustainable Water Management, Water ReuseResumo
A região de Kashkadarya, no Uzbequistão, está a experienciar uma degradação significativa do ecossistema hídrico, resultante do despejo de 7 milhões de metros cúbicos por ano de águas residuais tratadas de forma inadequada. Este fenómeno está associado a elevados níveis de mineralização, poluição orgânica e microbiológica, e eutrofização. As alterações climáticas, manifestadas pela perda de 75% das geleiras no espaço de 15 anos, resultaram numa intensificação acentuada da escassez de água. O presente estudo avalia a tecnologia do biorreator de membrana (MBR) no contexto da reutilização sustentável de águas residuais. Os MBRs demonstraram remover 97-98% dos poluentes orgânicos (BOD5 < 6 mg/L), evitando, deste modo, que 1.416-2.511 t/ano de matéria orgânica e 220-365 t/ano de azoto entrem no rio. Adicionalmente, estes dispositivos alcançam uma taxa de remoção de patógenos superior a 99,9%, garantindo uma irrigação segura. Em conformidade com os dados apresentados, verifica-se que os custos de capital são 13-15% superiores aos custos dos sistemas convencionais (645 contra 570 milhões de dólares). Este facto resulta num valor presente líquido (VPL) financeiro de -670 milhões de dólares, incluindo 149 milhões de dólares em benefícios para o ecossistema. O VPL socioeconómico é, no entanto, de -520 milhões de dólares. Supõe-se que os MBRs, com um apoio governamental variável entre 35 e 40%, possam constituir a solução mais viável para regiões afetadas pela escassez de água.
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