SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, MEMBERSHIP PARTICIPATION, AND GOVERNANCE PERCEPTIONS OF COFFEE FARMER ORGANIZATIONS IN REGION IV-A, PHILIPPINES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v23.5455Palabras clave:
Coffee Farmers, Producer Organizations, Coffee Industry, Organizational Governance, Membership Participation, PhilippinesResumen
Coffee production remains a vital agricultural activity in the Philippines, particularly in Region IV-A (CALABARZON), where favorable agro-climatic conditions support Robusta and Liberica cultivation. Despite these advantages, the sector faces persistent challenges such as an aging farmer population, limited resource access, and organizational capacity constraints. This study examined the socio-demographic characteristics, membership participation, and governance perceptions of coffee farmers affiliated with producer organizations in the region. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 283 farmers across selected organizations. Findings reveal that coffee farming is largely sustained by older, experienced farmers with moderate educational attainment. Membership in producer organizations is primarily driven by access to knowledge, farm inputs, and networking opportunities. Farmers generally reported high trust in leadership, clear governance structures, and active participation. While organizations demonstrate functional planning, monitoring systems, and service delivery, challenges persist in financial resources, infrastructure, and consistency of support. Overall, coffee producer organizations play a critical role in enhancing farmer capacity and sector sustainability. Strengthening organizational systems, improving resource support, and promoting youth engagement are essential for long-term industry resilience.
Citas
Altieri, M. A. (2002). Agroecology: The science of natural resource management for poor farmers in marginal environments. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 93(1–3), 1–24.
Baconguis, R. (2019). Smallholder agriculture and the dynamics of rural livelihoods in the Philippines. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 16(1), 45–60.
Baffes, J., Denis, J., & Smale, M. (2019). Coffee in the twenty-first century: Will climate change and increased demand lead to new deforestation? World Bank.
Bernard, H. R. (2017). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Rowman & Littlefield.
Cabangbang-Jaranilla, J., Lacuesta-Jalotjot, T., Geronimo-Isidro, F., Laguatan, N. A., Figueroa-Jimenez, J., Limbo-Dizon, J., Buebos-Esteve, D. E., & Dagamac, N. H. (2024). Decreasing suitable coffee cultivation areas under climate change in the Philippines. Regional Environmental Change, 25, 39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-025-02398-6
Chambers, R., & Conway, G. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century. Institute of Development Studies.
Cruz, L., Cuevas, A., Asma, J. D., Duque, J. R., & Orlina, B. (2023). Does membership in agricultural cooperatives improve marketing efficiency? Insights from smallholder coffee farmers in selected provinces of the Philippines. International Academy of Global Business and Trade, 19(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.20294/jgbt.2023.19.1.1
Davis, K., Nkonya, E., Kato, E., et al. (2012). Impact of farmer field schools on agricultural productivity and poverty in East Africa. World Development, 40(2), 402–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.019
DaMatta, F. M. (2004). Coffee: Potential and limitations of cultivation. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 16(4), 369–380.
Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Research. (2022). The Philippine Coffee Industry Roadmap (2021–2025). UPLB Foundation, Inc., in collaboration with the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries. Retrieved from https://pcaf.da.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Philippine-Coffee-Industry-Roadmap-2021-2025.pdf
Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford University Press.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2014). The state of food and agriculture: Innovation in family farming. FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/i4040e/i4040e.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2020). Empowering farmers and their organizations through the creation of social capital (Learning Guide for Trainers). FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/e9dbfd6f-feda-4c89-9b75-a2a1d6657d51
Giovannucci, D., Liu, P., & Byers, A. (2012). Adding value: Specialty coffee, environmental sustainability, and direct trade. International Trade Centre.
Giovannucci, D., & Koekoek, F. J. (2003). The state of sustainable coffee: A study of twelve major producing countries. International Coffee Organization/UNCTAD.
Grashuis, J., & Su, Y. (2019). A review of the empirical literature on farmer cooperatives: Performance, ownership and governance, finance, and member attitude. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 90(1), 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12205
International Coffee Organization (ICO). (2022). Coffee market report 2022. International Coffee Organization.
Koutouleas, A., Bosselmann, A. S., Etienne, H., & Vaast, P. (2022). Shade-coffee systems as nature-based solutions for climate adaptation—a review. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, Article 808207. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.808207
Krosnick, J. A., & Presser, S. (2010). Question and Questionnaire Design. In P. V. Marsden & J. D. Wright (Eds.), Handbook of Survey Research (2nd ed., pp. 263–313). Emerald Group Publishing.
Luat, Y., Mendoza, J., To, M., & Cabauatan, R. (2022). A study on the economic sustainability of local coffee production in the Philippines. International Journal of Social, Policy and Law, 2(5), 12–26.https://doi.org/10.8888/ijospl.v2i5.76
Mottaleb, K. A., Krupnik, T. J., & Erenstein, O. (2018). Factors associated with small‐scale agricultural technology adoption: The case of improved rice varieties in Bangladesh. Agricultural and Food Economics, 6(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-018-0101-9
Palma, O. M., Díaz-Puente, J. M., & Yagüe, J. L. (2020). The role of coffee organizations as agents of rural governance: Evidence from western Honduras. Land, 9(11), 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110431
Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J., & Philpott, S. (2014). Complex ecological interactions in shade coffee agroecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 45, 137–158.
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020). Women and men in the Philippines: Statistical handbook.
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2023). Coffee industry statistics. Retrieved on November 3, 2024 from psa.gov.ph.
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2023). Labor force participation in agriculture. Retrieved on November 3, 2024 from psa.gov.ph.
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2023). Philippine coffee production and productivity reports. Retrieved on November 3, 2024 from psa.gov.ph.
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2023). Regional coffee farming income reports. Retrieved on November 3, 2024 from psa.gov.ph.
Rodolfo, R., Calsiyao, I., Duclayan, R., & Himson, J. (2023). Coffee farmers’ socio-economic status, problems encountered and potential intervention for the enhancement of the coffee industry in Balbalan, Kalinga, Philippines.
Ruzzante, S., Labarta, R., & Bilton, A. (2021). Adoption of agricultural technology in the developing world: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. World Development, 146, 105599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105599
Scoones, I. (2015). Sustainable livelihoods and rural development. Practical Action Publishing.
Trienekens, J. H. (2017). Agricultural value chains in developing countries: A framework for analysis. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 20(4), 55-78.
Van Touch, D., Tan, D. K. Y., Cook, B. R., Liu, D. L., Cross, R., Tran, T. A., Utomo, A., Yous, S., Grunbuhel, C., & Cowie, A. (2024). Smallholder farmers’ challenges and opportunities: Implications for agricultural production, environment and food security. Journal of Environmental Management, 370, 122536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122536
Weldemichael, G., & Teferi, D. (2019). The impact of climate change on coffee (Coffea arabica L.) production and genetic resources. International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences, 5(11), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0511004
Wintgens, J. N. (Ed.). (2004). Coffee: Growing, processing, sustainable production. Wiley-VCH.
World Bank. (2021). Enhancing Agricultural Competitiveness in the Philippines. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
I (we) submit this article which is original and unpublished, of my (our) own authorship, to the evaluation of the Veredas do Direito Journal, and agree that the related copyrights will become exclusive property of the Journal, being prohibited any partial or total copy in any other part or other printed or online communication vehicle dissociated from the Veredas do Direito Journal, without the necessary and prior authorization that should be requested in writing to Editor in Chief. I (we) also declare that there is no conflict of interest between the articles theme, the author (s) and enterprises, institutions or individuals.
I (we) recognize that the Veredas do Direito Journal is licensed under a CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE.
Licença Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
