THE JORDANIAN LEGISLATOR’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v22.n2.3094Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Civil Liability, Jordanian Civil Law, Damages, Legal RegulationAbstract
This study examines the legal challenges arising from the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in Jordanian civil law, with a focus on civil liability. It evaluates whether traditional legal provisions are sufficient to address damages caused by AI technologies and explores the potential need for new legislative frameworks. The research highlights that Jordanian civil law currently provides partial solutions through contractual and tort liability, consumer protection law, and liability for hidden defects. However, the autonomy and decision-making capacity of AI raise complex issues that traditional liability principles cannot fully resolve. The study recommends amending Article 291 of the Jordanian Civil Code to explicitly include intelligent and mechanical machines, and to establish specific legislation regulating AI. It also proposes mandatory insurance schemes to protect affected parties.
References
ABDEL WAHAB, A. G.; IBRAHIM, S. Opportunities and Threats of Artificial Intelligence in the Next Ten Years. Future Report, Supplement published with Trends Magazine, Future Center for Advanced Research and Studies, Issue 27, 2018.
ABDUL RAHMAN, A. S. Compensation for Change in Damage to the Body and Property in Contractual and Tort Liability. 1st ed. Alexandria: Maaref Establishment, 1999.
AL-ARABI, B. General Theory of Obligations in Algerian Civil Law. Vol. 2. Algeria: Diwan Al-Matabi’at Al-Jameia, 1999.
AL-AWADI, A. H. F. Tortious Liability of Unlawful Publishers of Peer-to-Peer Intellectual Property Programs. Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiyya, 2017.
AL-BASIT, M. F. A. The Expansion of Liability from Error to the Liability of the General Medical Facility. Egypt: Maaref Establishment, 2003.
AL-FAQI, A. I. Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems. 1st ed. Jordan: Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing, 2012.
AL-MAHDI, N. M. A. S. On Some Contemporary Civil Liability Problems. [Unpublished], 2006.
AL-MUHAIRI, N. A. K. Civil Liability for Artificial Human Damages. Master’s Thesis – College of Law, United Arab Emirates University, 2020.
AL-NAIMAT, M. J. General Theory of Insurance against Civil Liability. Amman: Dar Al-Thaqafa, 2006.
AL-SARAYRA, I. S. Legal Regulation of Compensation for Repercussion Damage According to Jordanian Civil Law. Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, 2014.
ARCHAMBAULT, L.; ZIMMERMAN, L. Repairing Damages Caused by Artificial Intelligence: French Law Needs to Evolve. Gazette du Palais, no. 9, 2018.
BATIKH, M. R. State Civil Liability for Terrorism Damages. PhD Thesis – Faculty of Law, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 2017.
FAHMY, K. M. Legal Regulation of Re-negotiation Obligation in Civil Contracts. Alexandria: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jamei, 2020.
HAIDAWI, A. A. Arbitrary Clause in Contract Law. Cairo: Modern Publishing House, 2021.
KAHLON, A. General Theory of Obligations. Tunisia: Majma Al-Atrash for Books, 2015.
KHALIFA, I. Artificial Intelligence - The Future of Human Life in the Face of Technological Developments. 1st ed. Egyptian General Book Authority, 2020.
LASSEGUE, J. L’intelligence artificielle: technologie de la vision numérique dans le monde. Les Cahiers de la Justice, v. 2, p. 205-219, 2019.
LATIFI, K. H. A. Artificial Intelligence and Its Protection from Civil and Criminal Perspectives. Egypt: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 2021.
MALEK, A. State Liability for Compensatory Error in the Field of Artificial Intelligence. Abu Dhabi: Dar Al-Hafiz for Printing and Publishing, 2020.
MOHAMMED, M. S. E. Legal System of Electronic Commerce Contracts. Cairo: Arab Office for Knowledge, 2021.
MORRIS, M. Study in Insurance. 1st ed. Baghdad: Maaref Printing Press, 1978.
MUJAHID, M. A. Civil Liability for Artificially Intelligent Robots. Legal Magazine, [s.l.], [s.d.]. Available at: https://jlaw.journals.ekb.eg. Accessed: 16 Sept. 2025.
NASR, M. The Intermediary in the Insurance System. Riyadh: Law and Economics Library, 2015.
SAAD, N. General Theory of Obligation - Sources of Obligation. Alexandria: Dar Al-Jamea Al-Jadida, 2019.
SUWAR, M. W. A. Explanation of Civil Law - Sources of Obligation - Unintentional Sources. Vol. 1. Syria: Damascus University Publications, 1990.
TALABAH, M. F. Computers and Artificial Intelligence. Cairo: Dar Al-Arabiyya for Publishing and Distribution, 2000.
VAN ROSSUM, C. Liability of Robots: Legal Responsibility in Cases of Errors or Malfunctioning. Master’s Thesis – Faculty of Law, Ghent University, 2017.
ZAHRA, M. E. Unintentional Sources of Liability in Omani Law: Harmful Acts and Beneficial Acts. UAE: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Jamei, 2014.
QARARAK. QARARAK Website. Available at: https://qarark.com/login. Accessed: 16 Sept. 2025.
TUTORIALSPOINT. Artificial Intelligence. 2015. Available at: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial-intelligence-tutorial. Accessed: 16 Sept. 2025.
JORDAN. Civil Law No. 43 of 1976 and its amendments. Amman, 1976.
JORDAN. Consumer Protection Law. Amman, 2017.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
I (we) submit this article which is original and unpublished, of my (our) own authorship, to the evaluation of the Veredas do Direito Journal, and agree that the related copyrights will become exclusive property of the Journal, being prohibited any partial or total copy in any other part or other printed or online communication vehicle dissociated from the Veredas do Direito Journal, without the necessary and prior authorization that should be requested in writing to Editor in Chief. I (we) also declare that there is no conflict of interest between the articles theme, the author (s) and enterprises, institutions or individuals.
I (we) recognize that the Veredas do Direito Journal is licensed under a CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE.
Licença Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
