MITIGATING DRINKING WATER SCARCITY THROUGH ULTRAFILTRATION TECHNOLOGY IN COASTAL SETTLEMENTS OF SOUTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v23.5236Keywords:
Coastal Communities, Reverse Osmosis, Seawater Intrusion, Ultraviolet Sterilization, Water TreatmentAbstract
This study addresses the critical theme of drinking water scarcity in South Kalimantan's coastal settlements, driven by seawater intrusion that causes high salinity and severe microbial contamination. The primary goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated three-stage water treatment system to mitigate this water crisis. The methodology involved implementing a single-flow system comprising Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) pre-filtration, Ultraviolet (UV) sterilization, and Reverse Osmosis (RO) technology. Water quality was systematically assessed across physical, chemical, and biological parameters strictly adhering to the Indonesian Ministry of Health standards (Permenkes No. 2/2023). Samples were analyzed at four specific stages: raw well water, post-FRP filter, post-UV sterilization, and the final RO product. The conclusions demonstrate that the system successfully transformed hazardous brackish water into safe, high-quality potable water. Initial raw water tests showed high TDS (308 mg/L) and extreme microbial pollution (>200 CFU/100 mL). While FRP and UV stages were insufficient individually for total purification, the RO stage acted as the critical final purifier, drastically reducing TDS to 32 mg/L and ensuring absolute sterility (0 CFU/100 mL). This integrated technological intervention reliably prevents severe health risks associated with salinity and waterborne diseases in vulnerable coastal communities.
References
Abd-Elaty, I., & Polemio, M. (2023). Saltwater intrusion management at different coastal aquifers bed slopes considering sea level rise and reduction in fresh groundwater storage. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 37(6), 2083–2098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-023-02381-9
Abd-Elaty, I., & Zelenakova, M. (2022). Saltwater intrusion management in shallow and deep coastal aquifers for high aridity regions. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 40, 101026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101026
Akram, H., Hussain, S., Mazumdar, P., Chua, K. O., Butt, T. E., & Harikrishna, J. A. (2023). Mangrove Health: A Review of Functions, Threats, and Challenges Associated with Mangrove Management Practices. Forests, 14(9), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14091698
Alaqarbeh, M., Al-hadidi, L., Hammouti, B., & Bouachrine, M. (2022). Water pollutions: sources and human health impact. A mini-review. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 10(4), 891–900. https://doi.org/10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/morjchem-v10i4.34497
Alver, A., Baştürk, E., Altaş, L., & Işık, M. (2022). A solution of taste and odor problem with activated carbon adsorption in drinking water: detailed kinetics and isotherms. Desalination and Water Treatment, 252, 300–318. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28269
Armanuos, A. M., Moghazy, H. E., Zeleňáková, M., & Yaseen, Z. M. (2022). Assessing the Impact of Groundwater Extraction on the Performance of Fractured Concrete Subsurface Dam in Controlling Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers. Water (Switzerland), 14(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132139
Ashrafuzzaman, M., Gomes, C., & Guerra, J. (2023). The Changing Climate Is Changing Safe Drinking Water, Impacting Health: A Case in the Southwestern Coastal Region of Bangladesh (SWCRB). Climate, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11070146
Aziz, S., Mazhar, A. R., Ubaid, A., Shah, S. M. H., Riaz, Y., Talha, T., & Jung, D. W. (2024). A comprehensive review of membrane-based water filtration techniques. Applied Water Science, 14(8), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-024-02226-y
Barendrecht, M. H., Matano, A., Heidi, M., Weesie, R., Rohse, M., Koehler, J., Ruiter, M. de, Garcia, M., Mazzoleni, M., Aerts, J. C. J. H., Ward, P. J., Baldassarre, G. Di, Day, R., & Anne, F. V. L. (2024). Exploring drought to flood interactions and dynamics A global case review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 11(4), e1726.
Basack, S., Loganathan, M. K., Goswami, G., & Khabbaz, H. (2022). Saltwater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers and Associated Risk Management: Critical Review and Research Directives. Journal of Coastal Research, 38(3), 654–672. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-21-00116.1
Bera, S. P., Godhaniya, M., & Kothari, C. (2022). Emerging and advanced membrane technology for wastewater treatment: A review. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 62(3–4), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202100259
Bosserelle, A. L., Leanne K. Morgan, & Hughes, M. W. (2022). Groundwater Rise and Associated Flooding in Coastal Settlements Due To Sea‐Level Rise: A Review of Processes and Methods. Earth’s Future Published, 10(7), e2021EF002580.
Castiglioni, M., Rivoira, L., Ingrando, I., Meucci, L., Binetti, R., Fungi, M., El-Ghadraoui, A., Bakari, Z., Del Bubba, M., & Bruzzoniti, M. C. (2022). Biochars intended for water filtration: A comparative study with activated carbons of their physicochemical properties and removal efficiency towards neutral and anionic organic pollutants. In Chemosphere (Vol. 288, Number January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132538
Castro-Jiménez, C. C., Grueso-Domínguez, M. C., Correa-Ochoa, M. A., Saldarriaga-Molina, J. C., & García, E. F. (2022). A Coagulation Process Combined with a Multi-Stage Filtration System for Drinking Water Treatment: An Alternative for Small Communities. Water (Switzerland), 14(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203256
Chen, W., Wu, C., Pan, S., & Shi, L. (2024). Analysis on the spatiotemporal evolutions of groundwater hydrochemistry and water quality caused by over-extraction and seawater intrusion in eastern coastal China. Frontiers in Earth Science, 12(April), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1391235
Chowdhury, S. (2022). Effects of seawater intrusion on the formation of disinfection byproducts in drinking water. Science of The Total Environment, 827, 154398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154398%0AGet rights and content%0A
Costopoulos, E., Imamura, A., Khan, N., Butler, A., Millett, C., Hoque, M. A., Vineis, P., Belesova, K., & Khan, A. (2025). Adverse health outcomes associated with drinking highly saline water: a systematic review. European Journal of Epidemiology, 40(11), 1307–1322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-025-01307-9
Dianty, F. R., Martono, D. N., & Priadi, C. R. (2022). Public Perception of Drinking Water Quality in Bekasi City, Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 8(5), 2551–2555. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i5.2537
Dike, C., Antia, M., Bababtunde, B., Sikoki, F., & Ezejiofor, A. (2023). Cognitive, Sensory, and Motor Impairments Associated with Aluminium, Manganese, Mercury and Lead Exposures in the Onset of Neurodegeneration. IPS Journal of Public Health, 2(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.54117/ijph.v2i1.9
Farh, H. M. H., Seghier, M. E. A. Ben, Taiwo, R., & Zayed, T. (2023). Analysis and ranking of corrosion causes for water pipelines: a critical review. Npj Clean Water, 6(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-023-00275-5
Gantayat, R. R., & Elumalai, V. (2024). Salinity-Induced Changes in Heavy Metal Behavior and Mobility in Semi-Arid Coastal Aquifers: A Comprehensive Review. Water (Switzerland), 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/w16071052
González, Y., Gómez, G., Moeller-Chávez, G. E., & Vidal, G. (2023). UV Disinfection Systems for Wastewater Treatment: Emphasis on Reactivation of Microorganisms. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411262
Ibrahim, N., Edri, L., Bellizzi, A., Kozlovsky, C., Wiley, M., Jacobitz, F. G., Fuller, M. G., Macdonald, K., Bolender, J. P., Ndaruhutse, G. R., & Lester, Y. (2022). Plant-based point-of-use water filtration: A simple solution for potable water in developing countries. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 18(July), 100802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100802
Ihekweme, G. O., Saidu, M., Abdulkadir, B., Anyakora, V. N., & Obianyo, I. I. (2023). Natural Materials and Methods Used in Water Purification : A Review. Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews, 6(3), 258–283.
Irianti, S., Sasto, I. H. S., Mbarep, D. P. P., Dharmayanti, I., Yunianto, A., Zahra, Z., Puspita, T., Hidayangsih, P. S., Rachmat, B., Anwar, A., & Azhar, K. (2024). Investigating improved drinking water quality at the point of access: Evidence from four regions of Indonesia. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 14(2), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.051
Isiaka, I. O., Ndukwe, K. O., & Chibuike, U. S. (2023). Mean Sea Level: The Effect of the Rise in the Environment. Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends, 4(2), 94–100. https://doi.org/10.38094/jastt42178
Karuppaiah, V., & Gopal, E. (2023). Water Quality Assessment for the Ground Water in Terms of Salt Water Intrusion at a Coastal Region. Water Resources, 50, 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807823010098
Khan, M. M., Tauhiduzzaman, Md., Malak, Md. A., & Mazumder, N. (2023). Challenges of the Coastal Communities towards Coping Strategies and Adaptation Options to the Scarcity of Safe Drinking Water. SUST Journal of Social Sciences, 34(1), 97–124.
Korfali, S., & Jurdi, M. (2010). Deterioration of coastal water aquifers. European Water, 29, 3–10. http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2010_29_01.pdf
Li, B., Zhang, C., & Tao, W. (2022). Research progress of pharmaceutical wastewater treatment technology. Industrial Water Treatment, 42(11), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2021-1117
Luyckx, V. A., Rule, A. D., Tuttle, K. R., Delanaye, P., Liapis, H., Gandjour, A., Romagnani, P., & Anders, H. J. (2022). Nephron overload as a therapeutic target to maximize kidney lifespan. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 18(3), 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00510-7
Marengo, J. A., & Espinoza, J. C. (2016). Extreme seasonal droughts and floods in Amazonia: Causes, trends and impacts. International Journal of Climatology, 36(3), 1033–1050. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4420
Minh Tran, H. D., Boivin, S., Kodamatani, H., Ikehata, K., & Fujioka, T. (2022). Potential of UV-B and UV-C irradiation in disinfecting microorganisms and removing N-nitrosodimethylamine and 1,4-dioxane for potable water reuse: A review. Chemosphere, 286, 0–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131682
Minister of Health. (2002). Syarat-Syarat dan Pengawasan Kualitas Air Minum [Requirements and Supervision of Drinking Water Quality]. https://betterwork.org/wp-content/uploads/
Minister of Health. (2010). Persyaratan Kualitas Air Minum [Drinking Water Quality Requirements] (Permenkes RI No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010).
Minister of Health. (2023). Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the Implementing Regulations of Government Regulation No. 66/2014 concerning Environmental Health] (No. 2/2023).
Mishra, R. K. (2023). Fresh Water availability and It’s Global challenge. Journal of Marine Science and Research, 2(1), 01–03. https://doi.org/10.58489/2836-5933/004
Mora, C., Spirandelli, D., Franklin, E. C., Lynham, J., Kantar, M. B., Miles, W., Smith, C. Z., Freel, K., Moy, J., Louis, L. V, Barba, E. W., Bettinger, K., Frazier, A. G. I., Colburn, J. F., Hanasaki, N., Hawkins, E., Hirabayashi, Y., Knorr, W., Little, C. M., … Hunter, C. L. (2018). Broad threat to humanity from cumulative climate. Nature Climate Change, 8(12), 1062– 1071. https://doi.org/https:doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0315-6
Nair, A. M., Yesodharan, G., Arun, K., & Prasad, G. (2023). Unveiling the factors influencing groundwater resources in a coastal environment – a review. Agronomy Research, 21(Special Issue 3), 1487–1498. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.23.100
Nguyen, S. T. (2012). Mitigation of membrane fouling in microfiltration & ultrafiltration of activated sludge effluent for water reuse. School of Civil, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Doctor of(December), 21.
Niu, S., Dong, Z., Li, L., & Ng, C. (2024). Identifying long-term health risks associated with environmental chemical incidents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 478(March), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135432
Nugrahadi, D. T., Wianto, T., Alwahdy, M. F., Nugroho, R. A., Farmadi, A., Wahyono, S. C., Faisal, M. R., & Budiman, I. (2024). Membrane Filter Replacement System for Portable South Kalimantan Peat Water Treatment Solar-Powered Using Fuzzy Inference System Takagi-Sugeno-Kang Method. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 33(5), 5239–5247. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/182883
Nugrahadi, D. T., Wianto, T., Wahyono, S. C., Gunawan, Azwari, A. R. S., Arrahimi, A. R., & Apriana, S. (2023). Increasing Water Quality and Scalability of Peatland Water with Double Flow Ultrafiltration in South Borneo. Ecological Engineering and Environmental Technology, 24(9), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/173026
Nurfadilah, S. H., & Hamzah, N. (2025). Water Pollution in Coastal Communities in Indonesian: A Review. Journal of Epidemilogy and Health Science, 148(1), 148–154.
Nurhayati, N., Sari, N. D., Heliani, R., & Nur Wahdan, M. H. (2024). Coastal Clean Water Crisis: How Coastal Communities are Coping with Limited Access to Clean Water. Promotor, 7(5), 628–631. https://doi.org/10.32832/pro.v7i5.817
Parveen, S., & Malviya, A. (2022). Analytical Review on Membrane Water Filter using Different Materials to Prevent Microbial Activities. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 16(4), 2352–2362. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.16.4.68
Perumal, M., Sekar, S., & Carvalho, P. C. S. (2024). Global Investigations of Seawater Intrusion (SWI) in Coastal Groundwaters in the Last Two Decades (2000–2020): A Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031266
Rahaman, T., Hossain, I., & Sathi, M. A. (2024). Advanced Filtration Techniques in Environmental Engineering. American Journal of Science and Learning for Development, 2024(2), 22–32.
Rahman, A., Salman, A., Ardianta, Ansharuddin, Nainggolan, R., Siregar, S. A., Ismail, Ts. W. Z. bin W., & Ghani, Ts. M. A. bin A. (2023). Water Treatment Using Manganese Zeolite and Carbon Filters Active Aulia. International Journal of Technical Vocational and Engineering Technology, 3(1), 0–7. http://www.kelair.bppt.go.id
Rakib, M. A., Sasaki, J., Matsuda, H., & Fukunaga, M. (2019). Severe salinity contamination in drinking water and associated human health hazards increase migration risk in the southwestern coastal part of Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Management, 240(February), 238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.101
Shaikh, M., … F. B.-J. of I. S. and R., & 2024, U. (2024). Ensuring Purity and Health: A Comprehensive Study of Water Quality Testing Labs in Solapur District for Community Well-being. Researchgate.Net, 9(1), 271–281. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mustaq-Shaikh/publication/377576983_Ensuring_Purity_and_Health_A_Comprehensive_Study_of_Water_Quality_Testing_Labs_in_Solapur_District_for_Community_Well-being/links/65ae432e7fe0d83cb549ca11/Ensuring-Purity-and-Health-
Shammi, M., Rahman, M. M., Bondad, S. E., & Bodrud-Doza, M. (2019). Impacts of salinity intrusion in community health: A review of experiences on drinking water sodium from coastal areas of bangladesh. Healthcare (Switzerland), 7(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7010050
Sharma, K., Rajan, S., & Nayak, S. K. (2023). Water pollution: Primary sources and associated human health hazards with special emphasis on rural areas. Water Resources Management for Rural Development: Challenges and Mitigation, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-18778-0.00014-3
Sharma, S., & Bhattacharya, A. (2017). Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques. Applied Water Science, 7(3), 1043–1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0455-7
Shohel, T. A., Heme, M. A., Shovo, T. E. A., Nasrin, N., Asha, A. R., Rahman, T. M. R., & Hossain, M. T. (2024). Safe water crisis and struggle of climate-vulnerable indigenous communities in southwestern coastal Bangladesh. Water Policy, 26(3), 273–289. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2024.269
SNI 06-0644. (1989). Cara Uji Kadar Kadmium (Cd) dengan Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom (SSA) secara Tungku Karbon [How to Test Cadmium (Cd) Levels with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) in a Carbon Furnace].
SNI 06-6989.8. (2009). Cara Kerja Uji Timbal Secara Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom (SSA) [How Lead Testing Works Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)].
SNI 06-6989.23. (2005). Cara Uji Suhu dengan Termometer [SNI How to Test Temperature with a Thermometer]. In Badan Standarisasi Nasional.
SNI 06-6989.24. (2005). Cara Uji Warna secara Perbandingan Visual [How to Test Colors by Visual Comparison].
SNI 06-6989.25. (2005). Cara Uji Kekeruhan dengan Nefelometer [How to Test Turbidity with a Nephelometer]. In Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
SNI 3554. (2015). Cara Uji Air Minum dalam Kemasan [How to Test Bottled Drinking Water]. In Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
SNI 6989.34. (2009). Cara Uji Aluminium (Al) secara Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom (SSA) [How to Test Aluminum (Al) Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)]. In Badan Standarisasi Nasional.
SNI 6989.71. (2009). Cara Uji Krom Heksavalen (Cr-VI) dalam Contoh Uji Secara Spektrofotometri [How to Test Hexavalent Chromium (Cr-VI) in Test Samples Spectrophotometrically]. In Badan Standarisasi Nasional (Vol. 6989). https://wiac.info/docdownloadv2-pdf-sni-698971-2009-cr-6-spektro-dl_8dc7281b8a43041de5518d1a38ae6659?data_code=6a645281905caa37f893c4236c78b355
SNI 6989-84. (2019). Cara Uji Kadar Logam Terlarut dan Logam Total secara Spektrometri Serapan Atom (SSA) [How to Test Dissolved Metal and Total Metal Content Using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)]. In Standar Nasional Indonesia.
Steadmon, M., Ngiraklang, K., Nagata, M., Masga, K., & Frank, K. L. (2023). Effects of water turbidity on the survival of Staphylococcus aureus in environmental fresh and brackish waters. Water Environment Research, 95(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.10923
Sui, L., Wang, J., Yang, X., & Wang, Z. (2020). Spatial-temporal characteristics of coastline changes in Indonesia from 1990 to 2018. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(8), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12083242
Teodosiu, C., Gilca, A.-F., Barjoveanu, G., & Fiore, S. (2018). Emerging pollutants removal through advanced drinking water treatment: A review on processes and environmental performances assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197(1), 1210–1221.
Tian, C., Zhao, J., Xiong, Q., Yu, H., & Du, H. (2023). Secondary iron overload induces chronic pancreatitis and ferroptosis of acinar cells in mice. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 51(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2022.5212
Turck, D., Bohn, T., Castenmiller, J., de Henauw, S., Hirsch-Ernst, K. I., Knutsen, H. K., Maciuk, A., Mangelsdorf, I., McArdle, H. J., Pentieva, K., Siani, A., Thies, F., Tsabouri, S., Vinceti, M., Bornhorst, J., Cubadda, F., Dopter, A., FitzGerald, R., de Sesmaisons Lecarré, A., … Naska, A. (2023). Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for manganese. EFSA Journal, 21(12). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8413
United Nations. (2015). Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/
Wahyono, S. C., Siregar, S. S., Minarto, O., Wianto, T., & Sari, N. (2019). Impact of Seawater Intrusion on Freshwater Quality in Coastal Area of South Kalimantan. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 7(3), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab
Wianto, T., Nugrahadi, D. T., Wahyono, S. C., Gunawan, G., Azwari, A. R. S., Arrahimi, A. R., & Apriana, S. (2024). Analysis of the Physical, Chemical and Microbiological parameter of Peat Water Processed by the Single Flow Ultrafiltration. Jurnal Fisika Flux: Jurnal Ilmiah Fisika FMIPA Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, 21(2), 148. https://doi.org/10.20527/flux.v21i2.18614
Wu, L., Ma, W., Zhang, H., Yang, T., Sun, M., Yang, Z., & Guo, X. (2025). Effect of intensive water-salt diet nursing intervention on blood pressure and volume load in patients with chronic renal failure. Renal Failure, 47(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2025.2474854
Xeni, C., Oliva, R., Jahan, F., Romaina, I., Naser, A. M., Rahman, M., Fleming, L. E., O Gribble, M., & Makris, K. C. (2023). Epidemiological evidence on drinking water salinity and blood pressure: a scoping review. Environmental Research: Health, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5309/ace076
Yang, F., Zhang, L., Chen, B., Li, K., Liao, J., Mahmood, R., Hasan, M. E., Mamun, M. M. A. Al, Raza, S. A., & Sutrisno, D. (2023). Long-Term Change of Coastline Length along Selected Coastal Countries of Eurasia and African Continents. Remote Sensing, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092344
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
I (we) submit this article which is original and unpublished, of my (our) own authorship, to the evaluation of the Veredas do Direito Journal, and agree that the related copyrights will become exclusive property of the Journal, being prohibited any partial or total copy in any other part or other printed or online communication vehicle dissociated from the Veredas do Direito Journal, without the necessary and prior authorization that should be requested in writing to Editor in Chief. I (we) also declare that there is no conflict of interest between the articles theme, the author (s) and enterprises, institutions or individuals.
I (we) recognize that the Veredas do Direito Journal is licensed under a CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE.
Licença Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
