PESTICIDE EXPOSURE, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, AND FARMER HEALTH: EVIDENCE FROM PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Abstract

This study examined pesticide use and associated human health effects in Punjab, Pakistan, with particular focus on the cotton-growing belt of South Punjab. A descriptive and correlational research design was adopted. Three districts, Attock from North Punjab, Sargodha from Central Punjab, and Multan from South Punjab were selected based on regional representation and feasibility. Sample size (384) was determined using a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error. Data were collected through a structured interview schedule developed from literature and expert consultation. Data were coded in Microsoft Excel and analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics, and regression. Weighted scores were calculated to rank Likert-scale responses. Findings revealed that a high dependence on pesticides combined with unsafe application practices and limited environmental awareness. Farmers possess general knowledge about immediate health risks but lack technical understanding of safe use, environmental protection, and alternative pest control methods. Weak engagement with formal advisory services and heavy reliance on dealers and peers further increase the risk of misuse. The study highlighted a dire need for simplified label communication, strengthened extension services, farmer training on safe pesticide handling, and promotion of integrated pest management (IPM) to reduce health and environmental hazards.