THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LITERACY ON THE FUTURE ANXIETY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS TEACHER CANDIDATES

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v22.n7.3948

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence Literacy, Future Anxiety, Physical Education and Sports

Abstract

In this study, the effect of artificial intelligence literacy levels of physical education and sports teacher candidates on their future anxiety was evaluated by examining them in the context of different variables. The survey method was preferred in collecting data. The survey used in the study consists of three parts: The first part includes questions prepared by the researcher and includes demographic information about the gender, age and grade level of the participants. The second part uses the ‘Artificial Intelligence Literacy Scale’ developed to measure the artificial intelligence literacy of teacher candidates. In the third part, the ‘Future Anxiety Scale’ prepared by Geylani and Çiriş-Yıldız (2020) to measure the future anxiety levels of university students was applied. G-Power analysis was performed to determine the sample size to participate in the study and the minimum number of participants was determined. No statistically significant difference was found in the analyzes made according to the gender, age and grade level variables of physical education and sports teacher candidates within the scope of the study. When the relationship between artificial intelligence literacy and future anxiety was analyzed, a positive but very weak correlation was observed. In addition, it was concluded that artificial intelligence literacy has a positive and significant effect on the future anxiety of physical education and sports teacher candidates.

References

Adler, A. (2000). Yaşama Sanatı (Çev. Kamuran Şipal) İstanbul: Say Yayıncılık.

Akgün Güdücü, S. ve Özerk, H. (2022). Türkiye’de üniversite öğrencilerinin gelecek kaygılarıyla ilintili olarak 1996-2020 yılları arasında yapılan araştırmaların incelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal, Beşerî ve İdari Bilim ler Dergisi, 5(6), 748-769.

Alsowat, H. H. (2016). Foreign language anxiety in higher education: A practical framework for reducing FLA. European Scientific Journal, 12(7). http://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n7p193.

Amir vd. (2022). Future Anxiety and Its Relation to Life Orientation among Nurses Working in Basrah Hospitals. Council of College of Nursing University of Basra, 13(50), 7-12.

Arslan, B. Ş., Küçük, M., Aydın, G., Akbaş, B. (2022). COVID-19 pandemisinde hemşirelik son sınıf öğrencilerinin kariyer endişeleri ve iş umutları. Current Perspectives on Health Sciences, 3(3), 115-121. doi:10.58208/cphs.1205221.

Ateş, H. (2023). Examination of the Correlation Between Physical Education Teachers' Levels of Happiness and Psychological Well-being (Diyarbakır Province). Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 25(2), 240-247.

Buchanan, B. G. (2005). A (Very) brief history of artificial intelligence. AI magazine, 26(4), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v26i4.1848.

Chounta, I. A., & Avramides, K. (2021). Developing artificial intelligence literacy in high school students. In Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning (EC-TEL 2021) (pp. 43–55). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86436-1_4.

Coşkun, F., & Gülleroğlu, H. D. (2021). Yapay zekanın tarih içindeki gelişimi ve eğitimde kullanılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(3), 947 - 966. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.916220.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Araştırma deseni: Nitel, nicel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları. Selçuk B. Demir (Çev.). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.

Çelebi, V., & İnal, A. (2019). Yapay Zekâ Bağlamında Etik Problemi. Journal of International Social Research, 12(66).

Çelikel, Ç. F. ve Erkorkmaz, Ü. (2008). Üniversite öğrencilerinde depresif belirtiler ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri ile ilişkili etmenler. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 45(4), 122-129.

Çetin, M. & Aktaş, A. (2021). Yapay zekâ ve eğitimde gelecek senaryoları. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 18[Eğitim Bilimleri Özel Sayısı], 4225-4268.

Çetindamar, D., Kitto, K., Wu, M., Zhang, Y., Abedin, B., & Knight, S. (2022). Explicating ai literacy of employees at digital workplaces. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 71, 810 - 823. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2021.3138503.

Davenport, T. H. & Ronanki, R. (2018). Artificial intelligence for the real world. Harvard Business Review 96(1), 108–116.

DiPaola, D., & Kumar, A. (2020). Designing AI literacy curriculum for middle school students. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS 2020) (pp. 2331–2338). International Society of the Learning Sciences. https://repository.isls.org//handle/1/6425.

Elçiçek, M. (2024). Öğrencilerin yapay zekâ okuryazarlığı üzerine bir inceleme. Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 6(1), 24-35. https://doi.org/10.53694/bited.1460106

Faruqe, F., Watkins, R., & Medsker, L. (2022). Competency model approach to AI literacy: research-based path from initial framework to model. Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, 2(4), 580- 587. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2108.05809.

Fosso Wamba, S., Bawack, R., Guthrie, C., Queiroz, M., & Carillo, K. (2021). Are we preparing for a good AI society? A bibliometric review and research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120482.

Geylani, M. ve Çiriş Yıldız, C. (2022). Üniversite öğrencilerinde gelecek kaygısı ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 10(1), 284-300.

Gondal, K. M. (2018). Yapay zekâ ve eğitim liderliği. Kral Edward Tıp Üniversitesi Yıllıkları, 24(4), 1-2.

Güneş, F. (2019). Okuryazarlık yaklaşımları. The Journal of Limitless Education and Research, 4(3), 224-246.

Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. (2019). A brief history of artificial intelligence: On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. California Management Review, 61(4), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619864925.

Hammad. (2023). Future Anxiety and its Relationship to Students' Attitude toward Academic Specialization . Journal of Education and Practice, 7(15), 54-56.

Hitron, T., Levy, M., & Yadin, A. (2022). AI literacy in elementary schools: Students’ perceptions of AI and learning outcomes. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 32, 100406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2022.100406.

Horwitz, E. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112-126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190501000071.

Jiang, Y., Li, X., Luo, H., Yin, ·. S., & Kaynak, O. (2022). Quo vadis artificial intelligence? . Discover Artifcial Intelligence, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-022-00022-8.

Kandlhofer, M., Steinbauer, G., Hirschmugl-Gaisch, S. & Huber, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence and computer science in education: From kindergarten to university. 2016 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) içinde (s. 1-9). NY: IEEE.

Komalavalli, K., Hemalatha, R. & Dhanalakshmi, S. (2020). Chennai Şehri ve çevresindeki yükseköğrenim öğrencileri arasında akıllı telefonlarda yapay zekâ ve uygulamaları üzerine bir araştırma. Shanlax Uluslararası https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v8i3.2379.

Kong, S. C., & Zhang, G. (2021). A conceptual framework for designing artificial intelligence literacy programmes for educated citizens. 25th Global Chinese Conference on Computers in Education (GCCCE 2021). Hong Kong: Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, The Education University of Hong Kong.

Kovanović, V., Joksimović, S., & Gašević, D. (2022). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for students’ well-being. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100067.

Lee, S. & Choi, J. (2017). Enhancing user experience with conversational agent for movie recommendation: Effects of self-disclosure and reciprocity. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 103, 95–105.

Lee, I., & Perret, J. (2021). Artificial intelligence education for K–12: A review of the literature and proposed learning progression. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 21(4), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3472349

Lo, C. K. (2023). What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences, 13(4), 410-425. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410.

Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is ai literacy? Competencies and design considerations. HI '20: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Honolulu: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727.

Luo, X., Tong, S., Fang, Z. & Qu, Z. (2019). Machines versus humans: the impact of AI chatbot disclosure on customer purchases. Nanyang Business School Research Paper, 20(33), 1-30.

MacIntyre, P., & Gregersen, T. (2012). Affect: The role of language anxiety and other emotions in language learning. In S. Mercer, S. Ryan, & M. Williams, (Eds.), Psychology for language learning: Insights from research, theory and practice (pp. 103-118). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137032829_8.

Metelskaia, I., Ignatyeva, O., Denef, S. & Samsonowa, T. (2018). A business model template for AI solutions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Science and Technology içinde (s. 35-41). NY: Association for Computing Machinery.

Molin, R. (1990). Future anxiety: Clinical ıssues of child in the latter phases of foster care. Journal of Child & Adolescent Social Work, 7(6), 501-512.

Moline. (2017). Future Anxiety: Clinical Issues of Children in the Latter Phases of Foster Care, Child and Adolescent. 7(6), Social Work Journal.

Moor, J. (2006). The Dartmouth College artificial intelligence conference: The next fifty years. AI Magazine, 27(4), 87-91. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1911.

Muthukrishnan, N., Maleki, F., Ovens, K., Reinhold, C., Forghani, B., & Forghani, R. (2020). Brief history of artificial intelligence. Neuroimaging Clin N Am, 30(4), 393-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2020.07.004.

Ng, D. T., Luo, W., Chan, H. M., & Chu, S. K. (2022). Using digital story writing as a pedagogy to develop AI literacy among primary students. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100054.

Noyes Jr, R., & Hoehn-Saric, R. (1998). The anxiety disorders. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511663222.

Nurmi, J. E. (1991). How do adolescents see their future? A review of the development of future orientation and planning. Developmental Review, 11(1), 1–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(91)90002-6.

OECD. (2019). Artificial intelligence in society. OECD Publishing.

Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Bailey, P., & Daley, C. E. (1999). Factors associated with foreign language anxiety. Applied Psycholinguistics, 20(2), 217-239. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716499002039.

Pinski, M., & Benlian, A. (2023). Ai literacy-towards measuring human competency in artificial intelligence. 56th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii.

Pitsavos, C., Panagiotakos, D. B., Papageorgiou, C., Tsetsekou, E., Soldatos, C., & Stefanadis, C. (2006). Anxiety in relation to inflammation and coagulation markers, among healthy adults: the ATTICA study. Atherosclerosis, 185(2), 320-326.

Price, B. (2009). Differentiating future time perspective and future anxiety as distinct predictors of ıntimate partner violence [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Northern Illinois University.

Rabei, S., Ramadan, S., Abdallah, N. (2020). Selfefficacy and future anxiety among students of nursing and education colleges of Helwan University. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 27, 1- 5. doi: 10.1186/s43045-020-00049-6.

Rappaport. (2018). Future Time, Death Anxiety and Life Purpose among Older Adults. Death Studies, 17(4), 369-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189308252631.

Serçek, S. & Korkmaz, M. (2023). Sporda Giyilebilir Teknoloji Üzerine Sistematik Bir Literatür Taraması. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies (IntJCES), 9 (1).

Serçek, S. & Korkmaz, M. (2023). Turizm Sektöründe Metaverse’ün Kullanımına İlişkin Sistematik Bir Literatür Çalışması, Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(5): 701-721.

Sanusi, I. T., Olaleye, S. A., Agbo, F. J., & Chiu, T. K. (2022). The role of learners’ competencies in artificial intelligence education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100098.

Seginer, R. (2009). Future orientation: Developmental and ecological perspectives. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89825-9.

Seginer, R. (2003). Adolescents' future orientation: An integrated cultural and ecological perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27(6), 451–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000151.

Sheehan, D. (1986). The anxiety disease. Bantam Books.

Simeonov, D., & Taneva, S. (2023). AI literacy and psychological readiness for an uncertain future: A pilot study among university students. Journal of Technology and Society, 5(2), 55–70.

Spielberger, C. D. (1972). Conceptual and methodological issues in anxiety research. Anxiety: Current Trends in Theory and Research, 2, 481-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-657402-9.50013-2.

Spielberger, C. D. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t06496-000.

Stembert, N. & Harbers, M. (2019). Accounting for the human when designing with AI: Challenges identified. CHI'19-Extended Abstracts, Glasgow, Scotland, UK—May 04-09.

Su, G. (2018). Unemployment in the AI Age. AI Matters 3(4), 35–43.

Suciati, S. (2020). Speaking anxiety in EFL classroom: categories and factors. Edulingua: Jurnal Linguistiks Terapan dan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, 7(1), 1-9.

Tarafdar, M., Beath, C. M. & Ross, J. W. (2019). Using AI to enhance business operations. MIT Sloan Management Review, 60(4), 37–44.

Touretzky, D. S., Marghitu, D., Gardner-McCune, C., Martin, F., Seehorn, D., & Yuen, T. T. (2019). Envisioning AI for K-12: What should every child know about AI? In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 33, No. 01, pp. 9795–9799). AAAI Press. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019795.

Tran, T. T. T., & Moni, K. (2015). Management of foreign language anxiety: Insiders’ awareness and experiences. Cogent Education, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2014.992593.

Trommsdorff, G. (1983). Future orientation and socialization. International Journal of Psychology, 18(1–4), 381–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598308247493.

Tümkaya, S., Aybek, B. ve Çelik, M. (2007). KPSS’ye girecek öğretmen adaylarındaki umutsuzluk ve durum luk-sürekli kaygı düzeylerini yordayıcı değişkenlerin incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 953974.

Tyrer, P. (1999). Anxiety: A multidisciplinary review. Imperial College Press.

Wang, X., Li, X., & Huang, J. (2023). Junior High School Artificial Intelligence Literacy: Connotation, Evaluation and Promotion Strategy. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 11(5), 33-49.

Wang, B., Rau, P. L. P. & Yuan, T. (2023). Measuring user competence in using artificial intelligence: validity and reliability of artificial intelligence literacy scale. Behaviour & Information Technology, 42(9), 1324-1337.

Wong, G. K., Ma, X., Dillenbourg, P., & Huan, J. (2020). Broadening artificial intelligence education in K-12: Where to start? Association for Computing Machinery, 11(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3381884.

Xiao, W. & Bie, M. (2019). The reform and practice of educational technology major in the age of artificial intelligence 2.0. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 677(5), 1-4. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/677/5/052094/pdf.

Yi, Y. (2021). Establishing the concept of ai literacy: Focusing on competence and purpose. JAHR, 12/2(24), 353-368. https://doi.org/10.21860/j.12.2.8.

Zaleski, Z. (1996). Future anxiety: Concept, measurement, and preliminary research. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(2), 165-174.

Zaleski vd. (2017). Development and validation of the Dark Future scale. ResearchGate, 28(1), 2-5. DOI:10.1177/0961463X16678257.

Zeidner, M., & Matthews, G. (2010). Anxiety 101. Springer Publishing Company.

Zhang, B., & Dafoe, A. (2020). Artificial intelligence: American attitudes and trends. Center for the Governance of AI, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford.

Zhao, L., Wu, X., & Luo, H. (2022). Developing ai literacy for primary and middle school teachers in china: based on a structural equation modeling analysis. Sustainability, 14(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114549.

Zhou, H., Itoh, M. & Kitazaki, S. (2021). How does explanation-based knowledge influence driver take-over in conditional driving automation? IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, 51(3), 188-197.

Zhou, F., Li, J., & Wu, Y. (2022). Measuring artificial intelligence literacy: Development and validation of a survey instrument. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(1), 34–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00252-1.

Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271–1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271.

Downloads

Published

2025-12-29

How to Cite

Ateş, N., & Serçe, G. Özaltaş. (2025). THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LITERACY ON THE FUTURE ANXIETY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS TEACHER CANDIDATES. Veredas Do Direito, 22(7), e223948. https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v22.n7.3948