BURNOUT E SAÚDE MENTAL DOS PROFISSIONAIS DA SAÚDE: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA SOBRE RISCOS PSICOSSOCIAIS, QUALIDADE ASSISTENCIAL E PROTEÇÃO DOS DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v23.8111Keywords:
Burnout, Saúde Mental, Pessoal de Saúde, Saúde do Trabalhador, Esgotamento ProfissionalAbstract
O burnout e o adoecimento mental entre profissionais da saúde configuram um dos principais desafios contemporâneos para a saúde do trabalhador, comprometendo simultaneamente o bem-estar dos trabalhadores, a qualidade da assistência e a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de saúde. Apesar do crescimento da produção científica sobre o tema, persistem lacunas quanto à integração das evidências relativas à prevalência, aos determinantes, às repercussões assistenciais e às estratégias de prevenção. Nesse contexto, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar criticamente as evidências científicas acerca do burnout e do adoecimento mental em profissionais da saúde, identificando sua prevalência, os fatores determinantes, os impactos sobre a assistência à saúde e as estratégias preventivas descritas na literatura. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, conduzida conforme as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020). A busca foi realizada nas bases Web of Science; Scopus; PubMed/MEDLINE; Embase; PsycINFO; SciELO; BVS; ERIC; busca manual; busca reversa e Portal de Periódicos CAPES, utilizando descritores controlados DeCS/MeSH combinados por operadores booleanos. Foram incluídos estudos publicados entre 2014 e 2026, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, que abordassem burnout, sofrimento psíquico ou adoecimento mental em profissionais da saúde. Após aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, 23 estudos compuseram o corpus analítico. Os resultados evidenciaram prevalência de burnout variando entre 25% e 85%, com maior vulnerabilidade entre médicos, enfermeiros e residentes, especialmente em contextos marcados por sobrecarga laboral, precarização das relações de trabalho, insuficiência de recursos, violência ocupacional e baixo suporte organizacional. A exaustão emocional constituiu a dimensão mais recorrente, frequentemente associada à ansiedade, depressão, absenteísmo, intenção de abandono da profissão, comprometimento da segurança do paciente e redução da qualidade da assistência. As evidências também demonstraram que intervenções isoladas voltadas ao indivíduo apresentam eficácia limitada quando dissociadas de mudanças organizacionais e de políticas institucionais de promoção da saúde do trabalhador. Conclui-se que o burnout representa um fenômeno ocupacional multideterminado, cuja prevenção requer abordagens integradas envolvendo gestão do trabalho, fortalecimento das políticas públicas, melhoria das condições laborais e implementação de programas permanentes de vigilância e promoção da saúde mental. Como contribuição científica, o estudo sistematiza as evidências recentes sobre o tema e identifica lacunas que subsidiam futuras pesquisas e o aprimoramento das políticas de saúde do trabalhador.
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