OBESIDADE GRAU 3: DESAFIOS NO TRATAMENTO FARMACOLÓGICO E NÃO FARMACOLÓGICO NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v23.8006Keywords:
Obesidade Grau 3, Obesidade Mórbida, Atenção Primária à Saúde, Tratamento Farmacológico, Tratamento Não Farmacológico, Saúde PúblicaAbstract
A obesidade grau 3 configura um dos principais desafios contemporâneos para a saúde pública, em virtude de sua crescente prevalência e da elevada carga de morbimortalidade associada. Caracterizada por um Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) ≥ 40 kg/m² em adultos, essa condição relaciona-se intimamente ao desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas, como diabetes mellitus tipo 2, doença hepática esteatótica associada à disfunção metabólica (MASLD), hipertensão arterial e cardiopatias, demandando estratégias integradas na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Este estudo objetivou revisar criticamente os desafios do tratamento farmacológico e não farmacológico da obesidade grau 3 na APS por meio de uma revisão narrativa da literatura na base PubMed/MEDLINE. A análise demonstra que intervenções baseadas exclusivamente em mudanças de estilo de vida apresentam resultados limitados para a manutenção da perda ponderal a longo prazo. Embora novos fármacos, como agonistas de GLP-1 e coagonistas GIP/GLP-1, tenham ampliado o arsenal terapêutico, o acesso permanece restrito pelo alto custo. A cirurgia bariátrica mantém-se como a intervenção mais eficaz para perdas sustentadas, contudo, exige acompanhamento longitudinal pela APS para mitigar deficiências nutricionais e o reganho ponderal. Conclui-se que o manejo eficaz requer uma abordagem multiprofissional contínua e centrada no paciente, integrando componentes comportamentais, farmacológicos e cirúrgicos, além do fortalecimento de políticas públicas para a ampliação do acesso ao cuidado integral.
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