FROM PUBLIC BURDEN TO PRODUCTIVE ASSET: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY OF WASTE GOVERNANCE IN INDONESIA’S TOURISM VILLAGES AND CHINA’S TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE ENTERPRISES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v23.6928Keywords:
Waste Governance, Village-Owned Enterprises, Property Rights, Circular Economy, Comparative LawAbstract
This study argues that the persistent failure of organic waste management in Indonesian tourism villages is fundamentally a problem of legal-institutional design rather than technical capacity. Through normative legal research and a comparative institutional analysis of China's Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs), this study reconstructs sorted organic waste as a cognizable property object (zaak) under the Indonesian Civil Code, establishing the doctrinal foundation for repositioning the legal relationship between waste generators and Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) within the law of obligations. The comparative analysis identifies three institutional differentiators explaining TVEs' superior performance: collective asset ownership conferring quasi-regulatory territorial authority, institutionalized cross-subsidy mechanisms directing commercial surpluses toward environmental functions, and a vertically integrated industrial policy framework. This study concludes that regulatory reform must pursue four objectives: reclassifying waste as a private law object, establishing a lex specialis framework for BUMDes environmental processing enterprises, mandating cross-subsidy allocation within multi-unit BUMDes structures, and designating state-owned enterprises as mandated offtakers for BUMDes waste-derived outputs.
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